Level AWCAG 2.2
3.3.2 Labels or Instructions
Labels or instructions are provided when content requires user input.
Why it matters
Screen readers
Without a label element, the purpose of a field can't be announced, so users don't know what to enter.
Cognitive impairment
Placeholders disappear as soon as users begin typing, so they may forget what they are entering.
Motor impairment
Clicking the label focuses the field, enlarging the tap target for small inputs.
Voice input
Voice control uses visible labels to target fields. Without labels, users cannot operate them.
Live demo
With and without visible labels
Placeholder only
When users start typing, the placeholder disappears and the field loses its purpose. Screen readers also miss a reliable visible label.
Persona perspective
Nakamura (72) — Mild cognitive impairment
Once I start typing, the placeholder disappears and I forget what I was entering. A label that stays visible lets me keep going with confidence.